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Air pollution is the contamination of the air we breathe, indoors or outdoors, by any chemical, physical or biological agent that is potentially threatening to human and ecosystem health. The pollutants with the most robust evidence for public health concern include particulate matter (PM), ozone (O₃), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) and sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and carbon monoxide (CO). The health risks associated with PM smaller than or equal to 2.5 microns (µm) in diameter (PM₂.₅) are of particular public health relevance. PM₂.₅ and PM₁₀ are capable of penetrating deep into the lungs and PM₂.₅ can even enter the bloodstream, primarily resulting in cardiovascular and respiratory impacts. In 2013, outdoor air pollution and PM were classified as carcinogenic by WHO’s International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Air pollution originates from numerous sources of emission, both natural and anthropogenic (resulting from human activity). The main sources of anthropogenic air pollution can vary ge...

Essay on Importance of Mental Health ( 300 Words) Gandhiji once said, "Health is real wealth and not pieces of gold and silver". This statement indicates the importance of health in our life. People usually focus on their physical health and ignore the fitness of the mind. But the fact is that mental health is just as important as physical health. We can control our life because of our highly developed minds. Hence, it becomes very important for us to keep our body and mind fit and healthy for better performance and results. There are many factors that have a great impact on our fitness levels such as depression, aggression, negative thinking, hopelessness and fear. A mentally healthy person is always in a good mood and can easily manage situations of distress and depression. Mental fitness means having positivity in emotions and thinking which improves our ability to enjoy life. It is a positive word and leaves negative thoughts coming into our minds. The term mental fitness...

First Amendment Act, 1951 The state was empowered to make special provisions for the advancement of socially and backward classes The Ninth Schedule was added Note: Fourth Amendment Act, 1955 included some more Acts in the Ninth Schedule 17th Amendment Act , 1964 included 44 more Acts in the Ninth Schedule 29th Amendment Act, 1972 included two Kerala Acts on land reforms in the Ninth Schedule 34th Amendment Act, 1974 included twenty more land tenure and land reforms acts of various states in the Ninth Schedule Three more grounds of restrictions on Article 19 (1) [Freedom of speech and expression] were added: Public order Friendly relations with foreign states Incitement to an offence Note: Restrictions were made reasonable and justiciable. Introduced the validity of the state’s move to nationalize any business or trade and the same to not be invalid on the grounds of violation of the right to trade and business Second Amendment Act, 1952 The scale of representation in the Lok ...

                                                       Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha  The Deputy Speaker forms an essential part of the Parliament. He has the same powers unlike the Speaker of the Lok Sabha . Let’s understand who is he and what are his functions in the Parliament . Election   The Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha is elected by the members of the Lok Sabha just as the speaker of  Lok Sabha is elected.  Order of election  The Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha is elected after the election of Lok Sabha Speaker . When he plays active role  When the office of Lok Sabha speaker goes vacant , then his role comes into play . He carries the same responsibility as that of a Lok Sabha Speaker. By whom is the election of Deputy Speaker fixed   The election of the Deputy speaker is fixed by the Speaker of Lok Sabha  ...

                                                                                           Concept of  Judicial Review  Judicial review is the exercise of power by superior courts to test the legality of any governmental/ State action . It is the exertion of the court’s inherent power to determine whether an action is lawful or not and to grant appropriate relief.  This concept is enshrined in our Indian Constitution and also forms a part of the basic structure of constitution ( Keshvananda Bharati v. Union of India , AIR 1973 SC 1461). Art 13 read with articles 32, 226,227 expressly confer this power. It is such a power and that type of jurisdiction that is most frequently and potently involved and exercised. Judicial review is being founded ...

                                        Amazing facts about our CONSTITUTION ( constitution of india in hindi)  1. The first President of India was elected on 24th January, 1950 .  2.  Our national flag was adopted on 22nd July , 1947 . It was designed by Pengali Venkiyah  3. Elephant was adopted as the symbol of Constitutional asssembly .  4. Sir B.N. Rao ( Benegal Narsing Rao) was the legal advisor to the Constituent assembly. 5.  The oldest temporary member of the Constituent assembly was Dr. Sachchidananda Sinha .  6.  Almost 70+ countries were referred before framing the Constitution. 7. Our national anthem was adopted on 24th of January, 1950 . It was composed by Rabindranath Tagore and was originally written in Bengali language.  8. The draft constitution was considered for 114 days. 9. The total expenditure incurred in framing the con...

SOURCES OF INDIAN CONSTITUTION(constitution of India in Hindi)                            The sources of Indian Constitution are as follows  : -   1. BRITAIN  Single citizenship, Parliamentary form of government, rule of law ,lawmaking procedure , Winning elections on the basis of majority vote 2. U.S.A Fundamental rights, supremacy of Constitution, independent judiciary, Pavel of judicial review, Post of president, election of President, post ofvice president, impeachment of President, Financial emergency, idea of preamble  3. GERMANY  power of president during emergency 4. RUSSIA Fundamental duties, idea of equal justice 5. JAPAN Procedure established by law  6. IRELAND Directive principles of state policy, election process of president, nomination of the twelve members in Rajya Sabha , emergency, Awards and honours given  by President. 7. FRANCE Idea of a republican state, idea of...

Introduction  The citizens of India are known for its unity and believe in unity in diversity. The togetherness of Indians helps them to fight against the problem and come out with an effective solution. The Preamble of Indian Constitution also speaks about assuring unity. The Constitution of India has now gained strength again by revoking Art 370 and making Jammu and Kashmir a Union Territory of India. Let's understand Article 370 in detail.  Article 370 and Indian Constitution :- An earlier theory  Special Status had been conferred to Jammu and Kashmir under Art 370 of Constitution of India. They had their own constitution. The provisions of Article 238 did not apply to the state. The directive principles of state policy also did not apply to them. They had their own Chief Minister and Governor to administer the State. Article 360 ,which was related to financial emergency did not apply to it.  The Changed Scenario...

Introduction  Employees are considered the assets of a company. They work day in day out to maintain the position of the company. For the employees who contribute so much to the company, it becomes the responsibility of the company to provide safety to them so that they travel home safely. In this blog we are going to discuss about the privacy regulation which is extremely useful for employees who travel alone in cab.  Safety through Apps ( Advanced Technology)  Technology has reached to an advanced level and has widened in those areas also where it is highly required for safety reasons. Many apps have been designed to provide safety and protection to passengers who travel alone in cab.  What they need to do is, just download the app and through the app, they get to know the details of the driver and the authenticity of his license. They are required to provide their correct details so that no harm is caused to the pass...

Introduction   There are instances when the court gives interim orders in a petition and later on if it is withdrawn, no orders can be given in that particular suit. This is a part of civil law and has been provided under Order 23 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 2018. Let us understand the concept in detail.  Order 23 Rule 1 CPC and withdrawal of suit  The provisions regarding withdrawal of suit are mentioned under Order 23 Rule 1 CPC. It has been mentioned in it that after withdrawal of suit ,no orders can be passed in the particular case. The defendant cannot compell the plaintiff to file a fresh suit. The defendant has one relief that he can ask the plaintiff to give the expenses which were given by him.  Will the benefits gained by plaintiff in interim order vanish after withdrawal  This is a question of great importance in such withdrawal of suit. The answer is that benefits of interim orders will be enjoyed till the sui...

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of wild Fauna Flora,  1973- A critical appraisal Abstract The appraisal of the convention brings about various measures taken for the restrictions  brought about the trading of rare and endangered species of flora – fauna in the year 1973.  According to the recent figures taken out regarding the animal species, it has been stated that  around 800 of the species are extinct and over more than 1500 species are facing the danger  of extinction. The reasons for the extinction of various species is because of various  environmental factors such as increasing of pollution, change in the lifestyle of humans and  various other factors leading to the constant destruction of the forest cover. This convention  consists of three basic principles which are self explanatory in nature. Apart from the working of the convention, the...

Introduction  Corona (Covid -19) has been declared a http:// pandemic. Cases of corona are increasing day by day and matter is of great concern to the government as well as to the general masses.  Amidst the outbreak, it is necessary for people to abide by the instructions provided by the government and duly follow the orders given by the public servant.  When we speak about order given by public servant, it is certainly meant to be mandatorily followed and disobedience of which would certainly put you behind the bars.  Provision Stated in Indian Penal Code, 1860 Section 188 in The Indian Penal Code 188. Disobedience to order duly promulgated by public servant.—Whoever, knowing that, by an order promulgated by a public serv­ant lawfully empowered to promulgate such order, he is directed to abstain from a certain act, or to take certain order with certain property in his possession or under his management, disobeys such direction, shal...

INTRODUCTION MEANING OF CYBER CRIME Cyber crime or computer related crime is a crime that involves a computer and a network . The computer may have been used in the commission a crime, or it may be the target. Cybercrimes can be defined as offences that are committed against individuals or group of individuals with a criminal motive to intentionally harm the reputation of the victim or cause physical or mental harm, or loss, to the victim directly or indirectly, using modern telecommunication networks such as Internet (networks including but not limited to chat rooms, emails, notice board and groups) and mobile phones (Bluetooth/SMS/MMS) TYPES OF CYBER CRIMES 1. Hacking 2. Copyright infringement 3. Unwarranted mass surveillance 4. Child pornography 5. Child grooming 1. Hacking It is unauthorized intrusion into a computer or network. The person engaged in hacking activities is generally referred to as a hacker .This hacker may alter system or securi...