AI : A boon or slow poison for Human Intellect

As we are living in the 21st century , celebrated 80th year of Independence this year , we have progressed a lot in almost all fields ,be it education , technology,  art and crafts , machine engineering and things beyond. As we are progressing so much , a new thing has been introduced to us to help get things must faster , quicker in a very easy and affordable way . In technical terms it is called Artificial Intelligence,  but in layman terms , it is known as "AI". Seems cozy to listen , right . Let's dive into its introduction,  advantages and disadvantages 

INTRODUCTION 

Artificial Intelligence exists from the year 1956 . It seems new to us , but it is 70 years old now , interesting,  isn't it . Dr. Raj Reddy is considered as the Father of Artificial Intelligence in India . AI is basically a capability of a computer system to perform operations that typically require human intelligence. From the definition itself , one can easily deduce that it is nothing without human brain right . 

ADVANTAGES

As things get difficult,  use of AI makes you feel lightweight. There are so many ways in which AI is helpful. Let's understand:-

1) Educational Purpose- It helps to do exercises of any subject in seconds . You click a picture and ask , you get spontaneous answers . It helps to do complex tasks in seconds . Never imagined that life would become so easier with just one click away .

2) Medical Purpose - It has become easier for Doctors to diagnose diseases with accurate medical scans . 

3) Security Purpose - It is really a boon for our financial transactions as it detects fraud immediately and saves us from the peril of theft of money . It covers the areas where humans cannot have their hands on .

4) Creative Tasks - It is very helpful in designing videos , creating ghibli images , and also software coding . AI videos receive lots of likes and views on Instagram and also on other social media platforms. 

DISADVANTAGES 

Though it has so many uses , it is also acting as slow poison for our young minds who are just introduced to mobile or laptop uses . Let's become beware :- 

1) Too much dependence - It is making users dependent to such an extent that kids seek answers for simplest maths questions that can be solved with the help of a calculator. Students of intermediary level seek answers to such English Grammar questions where they need to scratch their heads for writing correct answers. This dependency is hindering human intellect which needs to be developed at this stage of growth. 

2) Relationship advices leading to Divorce - Too much usage of anything can be detrimental to your family life. One of the reports of the British Institute tells that lot of Divorce cases in the vicinity took place just because of wrong relationship advices given by Artificial Intelligence. There is always a disclaimer given at the end of every AI question for which we seek answer 

"AI may include mistakes , please consult a specialist " . Please take this disclaimer seriously. 

3) Hallucination - AI has been designed in such a way that it can very confidently produce incorrect data and false facts . Kindly recheck on your end before you fell in its trap .

4) Replacing jobs with humans - This Intelligence is taking place of humans , thus creating the problem of unemployment in the developing economy like India .

According to the World Economic Forum, while AI will displace 85 million jobs globally, it will also create 97 million new ones. However, the real threat is cognitive offloading, where human dependency on AI reduces our natural critical thinking skills."

A recent Rome Business School report highlighted that 93% of Italian professionals are aware of AI tools, but 75% lack structured training, and 43% fear immediate job loss.

Conclusion 

Diving into the advantages and disadvantages,  we can easily deduce that ,though it gives / provides us lot of benefits and making our complex life easier , but is also acting as slow poison as it hampers human brain growth by creating dependency . God has sent us with a beautiful brain which already has capacity to think greater than what machine can think . Always remember, humans are beyond machines . Let's not get overpowered by this tool . Use it wisely .

Read Also: How Indian Labour Laws Protect Workers from Automation."

https://laymanlawbasics.blogspot.com/2020/05/safety-of-employees-while-traveling-and.html

Designed by - 

Komal Nagarkar 

Air Pollution

Air pollution is the contamination of the air we breathe, indoors or outdoors, by any chemical, physical or biological agent that is potentially threatening to human and ecosystem health. The pollutants with the most robust evidence for public health concern include particulate matter (PM), ozone (O₃), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) and sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and carbon monoxide (CO). The health risks associated with PM smaller than or equal to 2.5 microns (µm) in diameter (PM₂.₅) are of particular public health relevance. PM₂.₅ and PM₁₀ are capable of penetrating deep into the lungs and PM₂.₅ can even enter the bloodstream, primarily resulting in cardiovascular and respiratory impacts. In 2013, outdoor air pollution and PM were classified as carcinogenic by WHO’s International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC).

Air pollution originates from numerous sources of emission, both natural and anthropogenic (resulting from human activity). The main sources of anthropogenic air pollution can vary geographically, but include the energy sector, the transport sector, domestic cooking and heating, waste dump sites, and industrial activities and agriculture. The process of combustion is the greatest contributor to air pollution, in particular the inefficient combustion of fossil fuels and biomass to generate energy. In indoor environments, the use of solid fuels and kerosene in unvented heating and cooking stoves, tobacco combustion and combustion for other purposes, such as cultural or religious practices, are important as well.

Importance of Mental health

Essay on Importance of Mental Health ( 300 Words)

Gandhiji once said, "Health is real wealth and not pieces of gold and silver". This statement indicates the importance of health in our life. People usually focus on their physical health and ignore the fitness of the mind. But the fact is that mental health is just as important as physical health.

We can control our life because of our highly developed minds. Hence, it becomes very important for us to keep our body and mind fit and healthy for better performance and results.

There are many factors that have a great impact on our fitness levels such as depression, aggression, negative thinking, hopelessness and fear. A mentally healthy person is always in a good mood and can easily manage situations of distress and depression.

Mental fitness means having positivity in emotions and thinking which improves our ability to enjoy life. It is a positive word and leaves negative thoughts coming into our minds. The term mental fitness is increasingly being used by psychologists, schools, organizations and the general population to denote logical thinking and reasoning ability.

In the same way, mental illness is the instability of one's health, involving changes in emotion, thinking, and behaviour. Mental illness can be caused by stress or other events. 

It can also result from genetic factors, social disadvantage and poor physical health. Mental Illness is curable. With positive thinking and lifestyle changes, we can overcome this disease.

Regular exercise such as morning walks, yoga and meditation have proven to be very good medicine for curing mental health. It is very important to have a good diet and adequate sleep. We can prevent mental illness by taking care of ourselves like listening to music to calm our mind and taking care of our body. 

Important Amendments in Indian Constitution

First Amendment Act, 1951 The state was empowered to make special provisions for the advancement of socially and backward classes The Ninth Schedule was added Note: Fourth Amendment Act, 1955 included some more Acts in the Ninth Schedule 17th Amendment Act , 1964 included 44 more Acts in the Ninth Schedule 29th Amendment Act, 1972 included two Kerala Acts on land reforms in the Ninth Schedule 34th Amendment Act, 1974 included twenty more land tenure and land reforms acts of various states in the Ninth Schedule Three more grounds of restrictions on Article 19 (1) [Freedom of speech and expression] were added: Public order Friendly relations with foreign states Incitement to an offence Note: Restrictions were made reasonable and justiciable. Introduced the validity of the state’s move to nationalize any business or trade and the same to not be invalid on the grounds of violation of the right to trade and business Second Amendment Act, 1952 The scale of representation in the Lok Sabha was readjusted stating that 1 member can represent even more than 7.5 lakh people. Seventh Amendment Act, 1956 The provision of having a common High Court for two or more states was introduced Abolition of Class A, B, C and D states – 14 States and 6 Union Territories were formed Introduction of Union Territories Ninth Amendment Act, 1960 Adjustments to Indian Territory as a result of an agreement with Pakistan (Indo-Pak Agreement 1958): Cession of Indian territory of Berubari Union (West Bengal) to Pakistan Tenth Amendment Act, 1961 Dadra, Nagar, and Haveli incorporated in the Union of Indian as a Union Territory 12th Amendment Act, 1962 Goa, Daman and Diu incorporated in the Indian Union as a Union Territory 13th Amendment Act, 1962 Nagaland was formed with special status under Article 371A 14th Amendment Act, 1962 Pondicherry incorporated into the Indian Union Union Territories of Himachal Pradesh, Manipur, Tripura, Goa, Daman and Diu and Puducherry were provided the legislature and council of ministers 19th Amendment Act, 1966 System of Election Tribunals was abolished and High Courts were given the power to hear the election petitions 21st Amendment Act, 1967 Sindhi language was language into 8th Schedule of Indian Constitution 24th Amendment Act, 1971 The President’s assent to Constitutional Amendment Bill was made compulsory 25th Amendment Act, 1971 Fundamental Right to Property was curtailed 26th Amendment Act, 1971 Privy Purse and privileges of former rulers of princely states were abolished 31st Amendment Act, 1972 Lok Sabha seats were increased from 525 to 545 35th Amendment Act, 1974 The status of Sikkim as protectorate state was terminated and Sikkim was given the status of ‘Associate State’ of India 36th Amendment Act, 1975 Sikkim was made a full-fledged state of India 40th Amendment Act, 1976 Parliament was empowered to specify from time to time the limits of the territorial waters, the continental shelf, the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) and the maritime zones of India. 42nd Amendment Act, 1976 Since the 42nd Amendment Act is the most comprehensive amendment of the Indian Constitution, called the ‘Mini-Constitution,’ candidates can read about it in detail in the linked article. 44th Amendment Act, 1978 It is also one of the important amendments in the Indian Constitution, enacted by the Janata Government. Candidates can read about the 44th Amendment Act in detail in the linked article. 52nd Amendment Act, 1985 A new tenth Schedule was added providing for the anti-defection laws. Candidates can read in detail about the Tenth Schedule in the linked article. 61st Amendment Act, 1989 The voting age was decreased from 21 to 18 for both Lok Sabha and Legislative Assemblies elections 65th Amendment Act, 1990 Multi-member National Commission for SC/ST was established and the office of a special officer for SCs and STs was removed. Candidates can read about these National Commissions from the links provided below: National Commission for SC National Commission for ST 69th Amendment Act, 1991 Union Territory of Delhi was given the special status of ‘National Capital Territory of Delhi.’ 70-member legislative assembly and a 7-member council of ministers were established Delhi 71st Amendment Act, 1992 Konkani, Manipuri and Nepali languages were included in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution. Total number of official languages increased to 18 73rd Amendment Act, 1992 Panchayati Raj institutions were given constitutional status. A new Part-IX and 11th Schedule were added in the Indian Constitution to recognize Panchayati Raj Institutions and provisions related to them 74th Amendment Act, 1992 Urban local bodies were granted constitutional status A new Part IX-A and 12th Schedule were added to the Indian Constitution 86th Amendment Act, 2002 Elementary Education was made a fundamental right – Free and compulsory education to children between 6 and 14 years A new Fundamental Duty under Article 51 A was added – “It shall be the duty of every citizen of India who is a parent or guardian to provide opportunities for education to his child or ward between the age of six and fourteen years” Read about Fundamental Duties in detail in the linked article. 88th Amendment Act, 2003 Provision of Service Tax was made under Article 268-A – Service tax levied by Union and collected and appropriated by the Union and the States 92nd Amendment Act, 2003 Bodo, Dogri (Dongri), Maithili and Santhali were added in the Eighth schedule Total official languages were increased from 18 to 22 95th Amendment Act, 2009 Extended the reservation of seats for the SCs and STs and special representation for the Anglo-Indians in the Lok Sabha and the state legislative assemblies for a further period of ten years i.e., up to 2020 (Article 334). 97th Amendment Act, 2011 Co-operative Societies were granted constitutional status: Right to form cooperative societies made a fundamental right (Article 19) A new Directive Principle of State Policy ( Article 43-B) to promote cooperative societies A new part IX-B was added in the constitution for cooperative societies 100th Amendment Act, 2015 To pursue land boundary agreement 1974 between India and Bangladesh, exchange of some enclave territories with Bangladesh mentioned Provisions relating to the territories of four states (Assam, West Bengal, Meghalaya) in the first schedule of the Indian Constitution, amended. 101st Amendment Act, 2016 Goods and Service Tax (GST) was introduced. Read more about GST in the linked article. 102nd Amendment Act, 2018 Constitutional Status was granted to National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC) 103rd Amendment Act, 2019 A maximum of 10% Reservation for Economically Weaker Sections of citizens of classes other than the classes mentioned in clauses (4) and (5) of Article 15, i.e. Classes other than socially and educationally backward classes of citizens or the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes. 104th Amendment Act, 2020 Extended the deadline for the cessation of seats for SCs and STs in the Lok Sabha and states assemblies from Seventy years to Eighty. Removed the reserved seats for the Anglo-Indian community in the Lok Sabha and state assemblies. UPSC Questions related to Important Amendments in the Indian Constitution What is the latest amendment in the Indian Constitution? 104th Amendment Act of 2020 brought the latest amendment in the Constitution of India. It increased the deadline of reservation of SCs and STs seats in Lok Sabha and state assemblies by 10 years. What is the 122nd amendment bill to the Indian Constitution? The 122nd Amendment introduced Goods and Service Tax. What is the procedure for amending the Indian Constitution? The amendment procedure varies depending on the types of changes required in the Indian Constitution. Which provision given below can be amended by a simple majority of the parliament? Election of President & its manner Fundamental Rights Representation of states in Parliament Citizenship-Acquisition/Termination Answer: 4 The process of amendment of the Indian Constitution is taken from which of the following countries? Japan Britain South Africa USA Answer: 3 Which of the following Constitutional Amendment Act amended the age of voting from 21 to 18? 7th 9th 61st 86th Answer: 3 In which Constitutional Amendment Act, Sikkim was made an associate-State with Indian Union? 35th Amendment Act 1974 43rd Amendment Act 1977 56th Amendment Act 1987 57th Amendment Act 1987 Answer: 1 Which article of the Constitution of India safeguards one’s right to marry the person of one’s choice? Article 19 Article 21 Article 25 Article 29 Answer: 2 Which of the following is true about the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976? Precedence to directive principles over fundamental rights Fundamental duties are included Constitutional amendment should not be questioned in any court All of the above Answer: 4

Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha

                                                      

Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha 

The Deputy Speaker forms an essential part of the Parliament. He has the same powers unlike the Speaker of the Lok Sabha . Let’s understand who is he and what are his functions in the Parliament .

Election 

The Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha is elected by the members of the Lok Sabha just as the speaker of  Lok Sabha is elected. 

Order of election 

The Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha is elected after the election of Lok Sabha Speaker .

When he plays active role 

When the office of Lok Sabha speaker goes vacant , then his role comes into play . He carries the same responsibility as that of a Lok Sabha Speaker.

By whom is the election of Deputy Speaker fixed 

The election of the Deputy speaker is fixed by the Speaker of Lok Sabha 

In what circumstances does his vacate his office 

1. When he ceases to be a member of Lok Sabha 

2. If he resigns by writing to the Speaker 

3. If he is removed by a resolution passed by majority of all the members of the Lok Sabha . Such resolution is passed only by giving 14 days advance notice.

Is Deputy Speaker subordinate to the Speaker 

No the Deputy Speaker is not subordinate to the Speaker. He is directly responsible to the house . 

Voting Rights of Deputy Speaker 

He cannot vote in the first instance , he can only exercise a casting vote. Thus we can say that he has limited voting rights.

Special Privilege of Deputy Speaker 

When he becomes the member of parliamentary committee, he automatically becomes its chairman.

Daily work of Deputy Speaker 

Deputy speaker,unlike any ordinary person of the Lok Sabha , can sit in the house, speak in the house, participate in the proceedings and can vote on any question before the House. 

Joint sitting of both houses and Deputy Speaker 

The Deputy Speaker presides over the joint sitting of both Houses of Parliament in case , the Speaker is absent from such a proceeding .

Is Deputy Speaker from the ruling party of Lok Sabha 

Earlier , the post of Deputy Speaker was filled from the ruling party of the Lok Sabha . But from the 11th Lok Sabha session onwards , the Speaker of the Lok Sabha is from the ruling party ( party who wins the election) and the post of deputy speaker goes to the main opposition party 

Allowance of the Deputy Speaker 

The allowance of Deputy speaker is fixed by the Parliament and charged on the consolidated fund of India .He is also entitled to a regular salary as that of Speaker of Lok Sabha. 

Current Deputy Lok Sabha Speaker 

As per the 17 th term of Lok Sabha , the post of Deputy Lok Sabha Speaker stands vacant . It is vacant since 2019😳.

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Concept of Judicial Review

                                                                

                          Concept of  Judicial Review 

Judicial review is the exercise of power by superior courts to test the legality of any governmental/ State action . It is the exertion of the court’s inherent power to determine whether an action is lawful or not and to grant appropriate relief. 

This concept is enshrined in our Indian Constitution and also forms a part of the basic structure of constitution ( Keshvananda Bharati v. Union of India , AIR 1973 SC 1461). Art 13 read with articles 32, 226,227 expressly confer this power. It is such a power and that type of jurisdiction that is most frequently and potently involved and exercised.

Judicial review is being founded on the concept of limited government. In India it extends to testing the constitutional amendments on the touchstone of basic structure of constitution.

Scope of Judicial Review 

It can declare any law passed by the state legislatures as null and void if it violates the fundamental rights or any other  provisions of the Constitution.

Three principles of Judicial Review 

1. The Constitution is the supreme law of the country 

2. The Supreme Court has the ultimate authority in ruling on constitutional matters.

3. The Judiciary must rule against any law that conflicts with the constitution.

What special power does it have?

It helps the courts to examine the actions of the three bodies of the government and helps to identify whether such actions are within the purview of the constitution. Actions inconsistent with the constitution of India are declared null and void. 

Duration of Judicial Review Cases decision 

 6 weeks and can be delayed by 3 months

  

Conclusion 

Thus we can say that this concept was designed by the constitution to test the lawfulness of the matter and whether it is in line with the principles of the constitution. Judicial Review are a challenge to the way in which a decision has been made , rather than measuring the rights and wrongs of the conclusion.

20 Interesting Facts about Constitution which one should know

                                       Amazing facts about our CONSTITUTION (constitution of india in hindi)

 1. The first President of India was elected on 24th January, 1950 . 

2.  Our national flag was adopted on 22nd July , 1947 . It was designed by Pengali Venkiyah 

3. Elephant was adopted as the symbol of Constitutional asssembly . 

4. Sir B.N. Rao ( Benegal Narsing Rao) was the legal advisor to the Constituent assembly.

5.  The oldest temporary member of the Constituent assembly was Dr. Sachchidananda Sinha . 

6.  Almost 70+ countries were referred before framing the Constitution.

7. Our national anthem was adopted on 24th of January, 1950 . It was composed by Rabindranath Tagore and was originally written in Bengali language. 

8. The draft constitution was considered for 114 days.

9. The total expenditure incurred in framing the constitution was around 64 lakhs.

10. S.N . Mukherjee  was the chief draftsman to the Indian Constitution .

11. Our constitution was framed in two languages i.e. English and Hindi 

12. Prem Bihari Narain Raizada wrote the English version of the Indian Constitution 

13. Vasant Krishna Vaidya wrote the Hindi version of the Indian Constitution .

14. Beohar Rammanohar Sinha illuminated , beautified and ornamented the original preamble of the Constitution .

15. H.V.R Iyengar was the Secretary to the Constituent Assembly.

16. The first Governor General of free Pakistan was Mohammed Ali Jinnah .

17 . The first Prime Minister of free Pakistan was Liaqat Ali Khan.

18. The division of Constituent assembly was also known as Dickie Bird Plan.

19. During the declaration of India’s independence, Clement Attlee was the Prime Minister of Britain.

20. Indian Constitution has been described as the world’s lenghiest constitution . It consists of 495 articles, 25 parts and 12 schedules.